China has built hundreds of completely new cities across the country. What is the future of these places?
According to China’s National Science and Technology Department’s Terminology Committee, ‘A ghost city is a geographical term referring to an abandoned city with depleted resources, a high vacancy rate, few inhabitants, or that is dark at night.’ Although many of China’s new urban developments may at first sight appear to meet this definition, the term “ghost town” is ultimately a misnomer: a ghost town is ultimately a place that has died. What China has is the opposite of ghost towns, it has new cities in the process of coming to life.
Modern China’s urbanization story begins in the early 1980s, when large swaths of rural land across the country began being rezoned as urban en masse and larger municipalities started being granted authority over prefectures. At that time only 180 million Chinese lived in cities, and there wasn’t an urban expanse in the country with over 10 million people. But by the early 2000s China’s urbanization ambitions were kicked into overdrive, as nearly every city in the country began rapidly expanding outward and completely new cities and towns started sprouting up in the expanses between them. Urban development across the country began taking on the appearance of a free for all. In a 2013 survey, China’s National Development and Reform Commission set out to discover just how many new urban areas were actually being built. Their findings: in just 144 of China’s cities more than 200 new towns were either being constructed or were in the planning stages. China is now home to a full quarter of the world’s hundred largest cities, has 171 municipalities with over a million people, and also contains 29 of the 75 cities that the McKinsey Institute predicts will be the most economically dynamic by 2025. There are now 730 million urban Chinese, and the “National New-type Urbanization Plan” aims to keep this number rising. Over 250 million more Chinese are expected to be living in cities by 2030.
So with all of this urban activity and migration to cities then why do so many of China’s new developments appear so empty?
China’s urbanization program is forced into motion by a fiscal policy that all but demands local municipalities to expand to remain economically solvent. According to the World Bank, China’s cities must fend for 80 percent of their expenses while only receiving 40 percent of the country’s tax revenue, so land sales are often used to make up the difference. Land is bought by municipalities at the low rural rate, rezoned as urban, and is then sold to developers at the high urban construction land rate. The profits are huge. The Ministry of Finance claimed that land sales raised $438 billion for China’s local governments in 2012 alone. Corruption and errant spending aside, this money is often essential for sustaining urban infrastructure, funding public institutions and facilities, and various other social programs. So cities expanding beyond their current needs is all too often a built in inevitability.
When developers purchase these fresh plots of urban construction land they are required to build something almost immediately, they can’t just sit on them and wait for the surrounding area to economically ripen. The prevailing attitude among developers is that they need to get in early to make a profit, which often results in building in new areas that currently lack any semblance of supporting urbanization or sizable enough populations.
After a core downtown and an array of housing is created in a new area, what comes next could be called the chicken or egg scenario. Nobody is going to move into a place that lacks public services like health care, schools, functioning shopping centers, places to work, public transportation, and highway and rail links, and local governments are hesitant to produce this infrastructure in areas where there are not yet many people. While the Chinese will buy property in new development areas where there isn’t yet an economic or social pulse, few will actually move in until it starts showing some very convincing vital signs.
Although this has recently began changing, rampant real estate speculation and investment has often hindered the inhabiting of new development areas. Up until recently, China’s housing market has generally maintained a strikingly upwards trajectory, and has allowed many people to make a lot of money investing in real estate and has also turned home buying into a type of brick and mortar savings fund. Although the sure-shot economic stimulus of masses of ready home buyers kept the wheels of China’s new city movement spinning, it often lead to huge amounts of the housing stock being purchased by people with no intention of living in it, which often drove up the prices higher than what those who actually wanted to move in could afford. This has had the effect of making many of China’s new cities take on the appearance of ghost towns. This is something that in large part has been corrected by new government policies to restrict real estate speculation, curb the laundering of illicitly received funds in housing, and to open up alternative avenues for investment, which has lowered or leveled off the cost of housing in much of the country.
Although there are many built-in factors which inhibit the vitalization of many of China’s new urban areas, the country has the means to break this inertia. If there is one thing that China has a lot of it’s people, and the country maintains ways of moving these people around the country to live in new areas that are in the process of vitalization. One of the main ways that large-scale new areas are stimulated is through the building of university towns. These sprawling networks of multiple college campuses tare able to attract hundreds of thousands of students and staff. Dachang, Songjiang, and Lingang in Shanghai are good examples of this, as are the Longzihu College Park in Zhengdong, Chenggong in Kunming, and Longgang in Shenzhen. Another strategy in bigger cities is to build a central business district and then force the headquarters and offices of state owned banks and other businesses, as was done in Shanghai’s Lujiazui, Guangzhou’s Zhujiang, and Zhengzhou’s Zhengdong. A third strategy for sparking a population in a new area is to move in government offices and offer housing subsides and incentives to the officials and workers to get them to follow their job. Move the feeding trough to get the cows to follow.
Eventually, as people trickle in through freewill or fiat, China’s new cities begin developing a social and economic base. Although there are almost always bumps in the road, political and economic mishaps, and delays, essential infrastructure generally gets built, public institutions are created, shopping and entertainment centers open, and nearly everything that’s needed or wanted to sustain life in modern China gradually becomes available. According to a report by Standard Chartered, some of China’s most notorious “ghost cities” have been attracting considerable numbers of residents. From 2012 to 2014 they found that Zhengdong New District’s occupancy rate doubled, while the population of Zhenjiang’s Dantu quadrupled, and houses in Changzhou’s Wujin district grew from 20 percent to 50 percent inhabited. When we consider that many of these new cities are packed full of high density housing, large vacancy rates can be sustained while still having a lively civic pulse and an adequate amount of economic activity. An urban area with hundreds of 30 story high-rises that is 50% vacant still has a large amount of people.
While not every new city or town in China will be successful and not every patch of countryside will sustain an array of skyscrapers, if given enough time most do develop sufficiently into vitalized urban areas. China’s new cities are generally not being built for today or even for tomorrow, but for decades from now when the country’s urban population is predicted to top one billion and a network of mega-cities stretches across the land. As China’s new cities are generally built on 20 year time lines — a period of time that none of them have yet eclipsed — any claims of them being ghost towns are cast prematurely. To put it simply, China’s new cities are new, and the ghost city critique usually amounts to little more than an analysis of a temporary phase of development as China builds new cities for the deluge of urbanization that was intentionally set in motion.
A version of this article was originally published in the China Daily at The future of China’s ‘ghost cities.’
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About the Author: VBJ
I am the founder and editor of Vagabond Journey. I’ve been traveling the world since 1999, through 93 countries. I am the author of the book, Ghost Cities of China and have written for The Guardian, Forbes, Bloomberg, The Diplomat, the South China Morning Post, and other publications. VBJ has written 3729 posts on Vagabond Journey. Contact the author.
VBJ is currently in: Rome, Italy
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March 4, 2016, 7:14 am
your analysisis nice and the topic you choose is excellent. you provide detail information thanks for that.
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